Solving a superconducting mystery with more precise computations

Solving a superconducting mystery with more precise computations
A conceptual representation of the role of phonons in cuprate superconductivity. Credit: Yao Wang, Clemson University

Researchers have known about high-temperature superconducting copper-based materials, or cuprates, since the 1980s. Below a certain temperature (approximately -130 degree Celsius), electrical resistance vanishes from these materials and magnetic flux fields are expelled. However, the basis for that superconductivity continues to be debated and explored.

“It has been widely accepted that traditional superconductors result from electrons interacting with phonons, where the phonons pair two electrons as an entity and the latter can run in a material without resistance,” said Yao Wang, assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Clemson University.

However, in cuprates, strong repulsions known as the Coulomb force were found between electrons and were believed to be the cause of this special and high-temperature superconductivity.

Phonons are the vibrational energy that arise from oscillating atoms within a crystal. The behavior and dynamics of phonons are very different from those of electrons, and putting these two interacting pieces of the puzzle together has been a challenge.

In November 2021, writing in the journal Physical Review Letters, Wang, along with researchers from Stanford University, presented compelling evidence that phonons are in fact contributing to a key feature observed in cuprates, which may indicate their indispensable contribution to superconductivity.

The study innovatively accounted for the forces of both electrons and phonons together. They showed that phonons impact not only electrons in their immediate vicinity, but act on electrons several neighbors away.

“An important discovery in this work is that electron-phonon coupling generates non-local attractive interactions between neighboring electrons in space,” Wang said. When they used only local coupling, they calculated an attractive force an order of magnitude smaller than the experimental results. “This tells us that the longer-range part is dominant and extends up to four unit cells,” or neighboring electrons.

Wang, who led the computational side of the project, used the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Frontera supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC)—the fastest academic system in the world—to replicate experiments carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and presented in Science in Sept. 2021 in a simulation.

The results relied not only on Frontera’s super-fast parallel computing capabilities, but on a new mathematical and algorithmic method that allowed for far greater accuracy than ever before.

The method, called variational non-Gaussian exact diagonalization, can perform matrix multiplications on billions of elements. “It’s a hybrid method,” Wang explained. “It treats the electron and phonon by two different approaches that can adjust with each other. This method performs well and can describe strong coupling with high precision.” The method development was also supported by a grant from NSF.

Solving a superconducting mystery with more precise computations
Crystallographic structure of a cuprate Yttrium barium copper oxide, which is a high temperature superconductor. Credit: Julien Bobroff, LPS, Orsay, France

The demonstration of phonon-mediated attraction has a significant impact even beyond the scope of superconductors. “Practically, the results mean we’ve found a way to manipulate Coulomb interactions,” Wang said, referring to the attraction or repulsion of particles or objects because of their electric charge.

“If superconductivity comes from Coulomb forces only, we cannot easily manipulate this parameter,” he said. “But if part of the reason comes from the phonon, then we can do something, for instance, putting the sample on some substrate that will change the electron-phonon interaction. That gives us a direction to design a better superconductor.”

“This research gives new insights into the mystery of cuprate superconductivity that may lead to higher temperature superconducting materials and devices,” said Daryl Hess, a program director in Division of Materials Research at NSF. “They may find their way into future cell phones and quantum computers. A journey started by human creativity, clever algorithms, and Frontera.”

Wang and collaborator Cheng-Chien Chen, from the University of Alabama, Birmingham, also applied this new approach and powerful TACC supercomputers to study laser-induced superconductivity. They reported these findings in Physical Review X in November 2021. And working with a team from Harvard, Wang used TACC supercomputers to study the formation of Wigner crystals in work published in Nature in June 2021.

As is the case in many fields of science, supercomputers are the only tool that can probe the quantum behavior and explain the underlying phenomena at play.

“In physics, we have very beautiful frameworks to describe an electron or an atom, but when we’re talking about real materials with 1023 atoms, we don’t know how to use these beautiful frameworks,” Wang said.

For quantum or correlated materials in particular, physicists have had a hard time applying ‘beautiful’ theory. “So instead, we use ugly theory—numerical simulation of the materials. Although we don’t have a well-established quantum computer for now, using classical high performance computers, we can push the problem forward a lot. Ultimately, this will guide experiment.”

Wang is currently working with IBM and IonQ to develop quantum algorithms to test on current and future quantum computers. “Supercomputing is our first step.”

When it comes to big future developments in technology, Wang believes computational studies, in conjunction with experiment, observation and theory, will help untangle mysteries and achieve practical goals, like tunable superconducting materials.

“A new algorithm can make a difference. More numerical precision can make a difference,” he said. “Sometimes we don’t understand the nature of a phenomenon because we didn’t look closely enough at the details. Only when you push the simulation and zoom in to the nth digit will some important aspect of nature show up.”


Thriving in non-equilibrium


More information:
Yao Wang et al, Phonon-Mediated Long-Range Attractive Interaction in One-Dimensional Cuprates, Physical Review Letters (2021). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.197003

Zhuoyu Chen et al, Anomalously strong near-neighbor attraction in doped 1D cuprate chains, Science (2021). DOI: 10.1126/science.abf5174

Yao Wang et al, Fluctuating Nature of Light-Enhanced d -Wave Superconductivity: A Time-Dependent Variational Non-Gaussian Exact Diagonalization Study, Physical Review X (2021). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.041028

You Zhou et al, Bilayer Wigner crystals in a transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructure, Nature (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03560-w

Provided by
University of Texas at Austin


Citation:
Solving a superconducting mystery with more precise computations (2022, January 28)
retrieved 28 January 2022
from https://phys.org/news/2022-01-superconducting-mystery-precise.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

For all the latest Science News Click Here 

 For the latest news and updates, follow us on Google News

Read original article here

Denial of responsibility! TheDailyCheck is an automatic aggregator around the global media. All the content are available free on Internet. We have just arranged it in one platform for educational purpose only. In each content, the hyperlink to the primary source is specified. All trademarks belong to their rightful owners, all materials to their authors. If you are the owner of the content and do not want us to publish your materials on our website, please contact us by email – [email protected] The content will be deleted within 24 hours.