Eating foods that are more planet friendly may also help reduce a person’s risk of death from cancer, heart disease and other chronic illnesses by 25%, researchers have said.
Scientists found those who followed a more sustainable diet – which involved eating more plant-based foods such as whole grains, fruit, vegetables and nuts – were less likely to die over the course of three decades compared with those who ate less environmentally friendly meals.
Based on their findings, presented at Nutrition 2023 – the annual meeting of the American Society for Nutrition in Boston, the researchers have developed a new diet score incorporating scientific evidence that shows the effects of food on human health as well as the environment.
Known as the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), it looks at existing evidence to give scores for foods, taking into account the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, bowel cancer, diabetes and stroke, as well as environmental impacts such as water use, land use, nutrient pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
The researchers said their work builds on existing research which has shown that plant-based foods such as whole grains, fruit, non-starchy vegetables, nuts, and unsaturated oils were healthier and less harmful to the environment than red and processed meats.
A sustainable dietary pattern should not only be healthy but also consistent within planetary boundaries for greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental parameters
Linh Bui, Harvard University
The team is hoping its tool will help policymakers and public health bodies develop strategies to improve public health while also addressing the climate crisis.
Linh Bui, a PhD student in the Department of Nutrition at Harvard University’s TH Chan School of Public Health, in the US, said: “We proposed a new diet score that incorporates the best current scientific evidence of food effects on both health and the environment.
“The results confirmed our hypothesis that a higher Planetary Health Diet score was associated with a lower risk of mortality.”
She added: “As a millennial, I have always been concerned about mitigating human impacts on the environment.
“A sustainable dietary pattern should not only be healthy but also consistent within planetary boundaries for greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental parameters.”
After developing their tool, the researchers used it to determine the outcomes of more than 100,000 people in the US, from 1986 to 2018.
More than 47,000 died during the follow-up period of more than 30 years.
The team found that higher PHDI scores were associated with a 15% lower risk of death from cancer or heart diseases, a 20% lower risk of death from neurodegenerative diseases, and a 50% lower risk of death from respiratory diseases.
Ms Bui said that the PHDI may need to be adapted for different countries, depending on their culture or religion.
She also cautioned those with specific health conditions or food accessibility issues may find a planet friendly diet more challenging.
She said: “We hope that researchers can adapt this index to specific food cultures and validate how it is associated with chronic diseases and environmental impacts such as carbon footprint, water footprint, and land use in other populations.”
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