European Union governments agreed Tuesday to ration natural gas this winter to protect themselves against any further supply cuts by Russia as Moscow pursues its invasion of Ukraine.
EU energy ministers approved a draft European law meant to lower demand for gas by 15 per cent from August through March. The new legislation entails voluntary national steps to reduce gas consumption and, if they yield insufficient savings, a trigger for mandatory actions in the 27-member bloc.
“I know that the decision was not easy, but I think, at the end, everybody understands that this sacrifice is necessary. We have to, and we will, share the pain,” Czech Industry Minister Jozef Sikela told reporters after chairing the meeting in Brussels.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen welcomed the move, saying in a statement that “the EU has taken a decisive step to face down the threat of a full gas disruption by [Russian President Vladimir] Putin.”
Supply cut
The energy ministers approved the legislation a day after Russian energy corporation Gazprom said it would cut gas flows through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline to Germany to 20 per cent of capacity starting Wednesday. Natural gas prices jumped Tuesday to their highest level since early March, according to Europe’s TTF benchmark — and more than five times what they were a year ago.
Since Russia invaded Ukraine in late February and the West protested by imposing economic sanctions, 12 EU countries have faced halts to, or reductions in, their Russian gas deliveries.
Gazprom has said the Nord Stream 1 cutbacks were necessitated by delays in receiving a repaired turbine for the pipeline. The turbine, which was repaired in Canada, has not been reinstalled yet, and another is expected to go offline because it needs repairs now, Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told reporters Tuesday.
“The situation has been critically complicated by the restrictions and sanctions imposed on our country,” Peskov added. “If not for those restrictions, all maintenance, warranty and service operations would have been carried out in a usual, routine and prompt manner, without causing situations like the one we’re seeing now.”
Trigger for mandatory actions
Under the the ministerial agreement sealed in less than a week, the EU’s 27 member states are free to decide how best to meet the target of cutting 15 per cent of their average annual gas use over the last five years.
France, for example, wants to save energy by turning down the temperatures of office thermostats in winter and ensuring that air conditioners in public buildings and shops are used more efficiently, among other measures.
Exemptions are allowed for countries that might have specific vulnerabilities or find themselves particularly exposed to difficulties from certain cuts.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, can ask members to consider triggering a mandatory system of cuts if it still fears a supply shortage over the next eight months. Any five member countries could also trigger a vote if they declare a gas supply alert at the national level.
The legislation was based on a July 20 proposal from the commission, which is eager to maintain a common EU front over a war that shows no sign of ending. It said co-ordinated rationing would enable the bloc as a whole to get through the winter should Russia stop all gas deliveries.
No sanctions on natural gas
Although the EU has agreed to embargo oil and coal from Russia starting later this year, the bloc has refrained from sanctioning Russian natural gas because Germany, Italy and some other member states rely heavily on these imports.
“Germany made a strategic error in the past with its great dependency on Russian gas and faith that it would always flow constantly and cheaply,” said German Economy Minister Robert Habeck, who is also responsible for energy and serves as the country’s vice-chancellor. “But it is not just a German problem.”
The disruptions in Russian energy trade with the EU are stoking inflation already at record levels in Europe and threatening to trigger a recession in the bloc just as it was recovering from a pandemic-induced slump.
Political tests
The energy squeeze is also reviving decades-old political tests for Europe over policy co-ordination. While the EU has gained centralized authority over monetary, trade, antitrust and farm policies, national sovereignty over energy matters still largely prevails.
Reflecting this, the energy ministers scrapped a provision in the draft gas-rationing law that would have given the European Commission the power to decide on any move from voluntary to mandatory actions. Instead, the ministers ensured any decision on mandatory steps would remain in the hands of national governments.
The ministers also diluted other elements of the original proposal, including exemptions for island countries.
Nonetheless, Tuesday’s deal marks another milestone in EU policy integration and crisis management. Past EU legislative initiatives in the area of energy often involved months or years of negotiations among national governments.
“We have a blueprint to act together in a co-ordinated way,” EU Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson said after the agreement was sealed. “This was a test for the unity and resolve of the union.”
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